Atmospheric analysis

Generally speaking, a drought is defined as a rainfall deficit which restricts or prevents a human activity – for example, farming or power generation.

NIWA run a computer model which simulates wave heights across the Canterbury continental shelf and along the coast.

Projections of how climate change is likely to affect New Zealand.

There are two methods to determine visual clarity in SHMAK; the clarity tube (or SHMAK tube) and the black disc method.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a relative measure of the amount of oxygen (O2) dissolved in water.

New Zealand rushes (Juncus): species-level factsheets.

The UV Index is a measure of the intensity of UV radiation. The larger the number, the more intense the UV. In New Zealand, its maximum summer value is generally about 12, but it can exceed 13 in the far North. In winter it reaches peak values of 1 or 2. Values of 10 or more should be considered as "extreme". At high altitude tropical sites (eg Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii), the UV Index can exceed 20.The UV Index supersedes the idea of "Time to Burn" or "Burn Time", which has been used previously in New Zealand.

What are the potential sources of chemical contaminants in wastewaters?

Returning water to our waterways after we’ve used it in our homes, on farms and in industry is a complex and challenging process.

Diverting water away from its natural channel for commercial or private use.

How does urbanisation increase sediments in waterways?

Submerged plants have a number of advantages that favour their use as indicators of lake ecological condition.